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\u4ee5\u4e0a\u3092\u8e0f\u307e\u3048\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u307e\u305aIRLE\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3001\u3053\u306e\u8ad6\u6587\u3092\u3057\u304b\u308b\u3079\u304d\u67fb\u8aad\u4f53\u5236\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u518d\u5be9\u67fb\u3057\u305f\u3046\u3048\u3067\u3001\u63b2\u8f09\u3092\u64a4\u56de\u3059\u308b\u3088\u3046\u6c42\u3081\u307e\u3059\u3002\u307e\u305f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3067\u518d\u3073\u5e83\u3081\u3089\u308c\u3066\u3057\u307e\u3063\u305f\u5426\u5b9a\u8ad6\u306b\u5bfe\u3057\u3066\u3001\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u4e8b\u5b9f\u3068\u6b74\u53f2\u7684\u6b63\u7fa9\u306b\u3082\u3068\u3065\u304d\u5bfe\u6297\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304d\u307e\u3059\u3002\u4eca\u56de\u306e\u5426\u5b9a\u8ad6\u306f\u3001\u65e5\u672c\u3001\u97d3\u56fd\u3001\u5317\u7c73\u306a\u3069\u3001\u56fd\u5883\u3092\u3053\u3048\u3066\u5c55\u958b\u3057\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002\u3067\u3042\u308c\u3070\u3053\u305d\u79c1\u305f\u3061\u306f\u3001\u65b0\u305f\u306a\u88c5\u3044\u3067\u73fe\u308c\u305f\u65e5\u672c\u8ecd\u300c\u6170\u5b89\u5a66\u300d\u5426\u5b9a\u8ad6\u306b\u3001\u56fd\u5883\u3068\u8a00\u8a9e\u3092\u3053\u3048\u305f\u9023\u5e2f\u306b\u3088\u3063\u3066\u5bfe\u51e6\u3057\u3066\u3044\u304d\u305f\u3044\u3068\u8003\u3048\u3066\u3044\u307e\u3059\u3002<\/p>\n\n\n\n

2021\u5e743\u670810\u65e5\nFight for Justice\uff08\u65e5\u672c\u8ecd\u300c\u6170\u5b89\u5a66\u300d\u554f\u984cweb\u30b5\u30a4\u30c8\u5236\u4f5c\u59d4\u54e1\u4f1a\uff09\n\u6b74\u53f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\n\u6b74\u53f2\u79d1\u5b66\u5354\u8b70\u4f1a\n\u6b74\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u5354\u8b70\u4f1a<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
2021\u5e743\u670813\u65e5\n\u65e5\u672c\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
2021\u5e743\u670827\u65e5\n\u671d\u9bae\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u5e79\u4e8b\u4f1a<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
Emergency Statement by Japan-based Researchers and Activists Criticizing a New Form of Denialist Discourse on Japanese Imperial Military \u201cComfort Women\u201d<\/h2>\n\n\n\n
In December 2020, the international academic journal International Review of Law and Economics (IRLE) published online Harvard Law School Professor J. Mark Ramseyer\u2019s article \u201cContracting for Sex in the Pacific War.\u201d On January 31, 2021, Sankei shimbun presented the article\u2019s findings under the headline \u201cRepudiation of the argument that \u2018comfort women = sex slaves,\u2019\u201d drawing wider attention to Ramseyer\u2019s claims in Japan, South Korea, and also the world.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In contrast with the title, the actual article devotes a significant amount of space to discussing the pre-Pacific War system of legalized prostitution in Japan and Korea. The author applies principles of game theory simplistically to the contracts of prostitutes, which actually involved human trafficking, and presents these as if they had been agreements resulting from calculations made by two parties, the prostitute and the brothel proprietor, over conditions such as amount of payment and contract duration. Ramseyer then applies this interpretation to the case of the Japanese Imperial Military system of \u201ccomfort women.\u201d He asserts that such agreements changed only in terms of pay and duration to reflect the risks of the battlefield, but can be understood as fundamentally the same consensual contractual relationship between Korean \u201ccomfort women\u201d and proprietors. Moreover, as part and parcel of this argument, the author argues that, even in cases in which recruiters in Korea deceived women, this did not involve the Japanese government or military. Thus, this argument also denies the Japanese state\u2019s responsibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
That is to say that this article, in conflating \u201ccomfort women\u201d with licensed prostitutes and arguing that licensed prostitutes were not subject to human trafficking but were parties to mutually beneficial contracts with proprietors, is trying to deny that there was any harm done to \u201ccomfort women\u201d and that Japan bears any responsibility.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
We cannot suppress our astonishment that this article passed through a scholarly peer review process and was published in an academic journal. We can only imagine that it was not checked by a specialist in modern Japanese history. Beyond that, the article not only ignores previous research and treats many cited Japanese sources arbitrarily, but it also makes essential assertions without offering any evidence. Below, we have organized the problematic issues into three main categories.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
1) First of all, although the Japanese Imperial Military\u2019s \u201ccomfort women\u201d system and the system of licensed prostitution were deeply related, they were not the same. Unlike licensed prostitution, \u201ccomfort stations\u201d were set up and managed at the direction and command of the Japanese military itself. \u201cComfort women\u201d were recruited directly by the Japanese military or by military instruction or command. A vast body of research has made it clear that although there were cases of recruitment of women who had previously worked as prostitutes, geisha, or barmaids especially among Japanese women, most of the women had no involvement in the licensed prostitution system and were made to work as \u201ccomfort women\u201d without contracts, through deception, violence, and human trafficking. Nevertheless, Ramseyer ignores the existence of numerous documents demonstrating the active involvement of the Japanese military.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Most crucially, Ramseyer does not provide even one contract between a proprietor and a Korean \u201ccomfort woman,\u201d even though such a document should be essential to his own argument. Beyond this kind of unsubstantiated claim, at every instance he uses only those parts of sources that are convenient for his own assertions. For example, a document he cites on page six of his article, a U.S. Office of War Information report from 1944, includes the information that 703 Korean \u201ccomfort women\u201d who were brought to Burma did not understand the nature of the work before coming, and that many were subjected to human trafficking or kidnapping. Ramseyer does not acknowledge this information in the source at all.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2) There are also serious problems with his understanding of the modern prostitution system. Both the primary sources themselves and a voluminous historiography on this subject make clear that under the system of licensed prostitution, contracts for prostitutes were actually agreements to buy and sell people. Women were not free to stop working. But Ramseyer, through arbitrary citations to secondary sources and without producing evidence, argues that prostitutes and karayuki-san (women who were trafficked overseas to work at brothels) freely entered into contracts. For example, on page four of his article, he cites Sandakan Brothel Number 8 to assert that the subject, Osaki, who was sold to a proprietor by her older brother, was not deceived by the proprietor and that even at the age of ten she knew what the job entailed. However, Ramseyer ignores several episodes from the book that contradict his assertions, including an instance in which Osaki resisted her employer and called him \u201ca liar.\u201d<\/p>\n\n\n\n
3) This article completely lacks any perspective on women\u2019s human rights and overlooks the authority exerted by a patriarchal system that placed restraints on women. Years of accumulated research suggests that\u2014because women were denied freedom of residence, freedom of movement, the freedom to quit prostitution, and the freedom to refuse sexual activity\u2014the Japanese military\u2019s \u201ccomfort woman system,\u201d like the system of licensed prostitution itself, was a form of sexual slavery. But this research is ignored in the article. Even though this is an article published in a journal that covers the related fields of law and economics, there is not even a trace of a sincere effort to investigate violations of domestic (criminal) law or international law (such as treaties or conventions concerning crimes against humanity, slavery, forced labor, the sale of women and children, or the Hague Conventions).<\/p>\n\n\n\n
For the reasons stated above, we cannot recognize any academic merit in Ramseyer\u2019s article.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
Moreover, we are gravely concerned about the spillover effect of Ramseyer\u2019s article. In addition to absolving the Japanese state of responsibility by explaining the \u201ccomfort woman\u201d phenomenon in terms of a simple bilateral relationship between two parties (the woman and the proprietor), this article\u2019s significance goes beyond that of simply being a piece of research by one researcher. It has been embraced by people who wish to deny Japan\u2019s responsibility for perpetrating harm. Since the late 1990s, those in Japan, Korea, and elsewhere who deny Japanese state responsibility for the \u201ccomfort women\u201d system have insisted on statements similar to those made in Ramseyer\u2019s article: \u201cComfort women were licensed prostitutes,\u201d \u201cComfort women were engaged in voluntary prostitution,\u201d \u201cComfort women were highly compensated,\u201d \u201cComfort women were not sex slaves.\u201d This article of Ramseyer\u2019s encourages such denialists, who use the authority of an academic journal and Ramseyer\u2019s position as a scholar of Japan at a celebrated university in the United States to launder and regenerate their arguments. In addition, they attack criticism of this article\u2019s claims as \u201canti-Japanese,\u201d revitalizing an undercurrent of xenophobia and hatred toward Koreans in Japanese society. We are deeply anxious about this.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
In light of the above, we would like to first request that the IRLE re-examine this article through an appropriate process of peer review and then, according to the results, retract its publication. In addition, our commitment to facts and historical justice leads us to oppose this denialist argument once again spreading in Japan. The current denialist argument is crossing borders as it expands through Japan, Korea, North America, and elsewhere. This is precisely why we wish to stand against this new form of the denialist argument about the Japanese imperial military\u2019s \u201ccomfort women\u201d through a solidarity that transcends borders and languages.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
March 10, 2021\nFight for Justice (The Japanese Military \u201cComfort Women\u201d Issue Website Production Committee)\nThe Historical Science Society of Japan\nThe Association of Historical Science\nThe History Educationalist Conference of Japan<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
March 13, 2021\nThe Japanese Society for Historical Studies <\/pre>\n\n\n\n
March 27, 2021\nThe Japan Association for Korean History (Committee) <\/pre>\n\n\n\n
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2020\ub14412\uc6d4, \ud558\ubc84\ub4dc\ub300\ud559 \ub85c\uc2a4\ucfe8 \uc874 \ub9c8\ud06c \ub7a8\uc9c0\uc5b4 \uad50\uc218\uac00 \uc4f4 \ub17c\ubb38 [\ud0dc\ud3c9\uc591\uc804\uc7c1\uc5d0\uc11c\uc758 \uc131\ud589\uc704 \uacc4\uc57d]\uc774 \uad6d\uc81c\uc801\uc778 \ud559\uc220\uc9c0 <\uad6d\uc81c\ubc95\uacbd\uc81c\ub9ac\ubdf0>( IRLE : International Review of Law and Economics)\uc758 \uc628\ub77c\uc778\ud310\uc5d0 \uac8c\uc7ac\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4. 2021\ub1441\uc6d431\uc77c, \u300e\uc0b0\ucf00\uc774\uc2e0\ubb38\u300f\uc774 \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc744 \u300c\u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\uff1d\uc131\ub178\uc608\u300d\uc124\uc758 \ubd80\uc815\u300d\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \ud0c0\uc774\ud2c0\ub85c \ud06c\uac8c \uac8c\uc7ac\ud55c \uac83\uc744 \uacc4\uae30\ub85c, \ub7a8\uc9c0\uc5b4 \uad50\uc218\uc640 \uadf8\uc758 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc774 \uc77c\ubcf8, \ud55c\uad6d \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uc138\uacc4\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc77c\uac70\uc5d0 \uc8fc\ubaa9\uc744 \ubc1b\uac8c \ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\ud0c0\uc774\ud2c0\uacfc \ub2ec\ub9ac, \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc740 \ud0dc\ud3c9\uc591\uc804\uc7c1 \uc774\uc804\uc5d0 \uc77c\ubcf8\uc774\ub098 \uc870\uc120\uc5d0\uc11c \uc804\uac1c\ub418\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub358 \uacf5\ucc3d(\u516c\u5a3c)\uc81c\ub3c4\uc5d0 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc9c0\uba74\uc744 \ud560\uc560\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc2e4\uc9c8\uc801\uc778 \uc778\uc2e0\ub9e4\ub9e4\uc600\ub358 \uc608\ucc3d\uae30(\u82b8\u5a3c\u5993)\uacc4\uc57d\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uac8c\uc784\uc774\ub860\uc744 \ub2e8\uc21c\ud788 \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uc5ec, \uae08\uc561\uc774\ub098 \uae30\uac04 \ub4f1\uc758 \uc870\uac74\uc740, \uc5c5\uc790\uc640 \uc608\ucc3d\uae30\uc758 \uc591\uc790\uac04\uc758 \uc0dd\uac01\uc774 \ud569\uce58\ud55c \uacb0\uacfc\uc778 \uac83 \ucc98\ub7fc \ud574\uc11d\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ub7a8\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc528\ub294, \uc774 \ud574\uc11d\uc744 \uadf8\ub300\ub85c \uc77c\ubcf8\uad70\u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\uc81c\ub3c4\uc5d0 \uc801\uc6a9\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \uc804\uc7a5(\u6226\u5834)\uc758 \ub9ac\uc2a4\ud06c\ub97c \ubc18\uc601\ud574\uc11c \uae08\uc561\uc774\ub098 \uae30\uac04\uc774 \ubc14\ub010 \uac83 \uc77c \ubfd0, \uae30\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c\ub294 \ub3d9\uc77c\ud558\uac8c \uc870\uc120\uc778\u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\uc640 \uc5c5\uc790\uac04\uc758 \ud569\uc758\ub41c \uacc4\uc57d\uad00\uacc4\ub85c \uc774\ud574\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub2e4\ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uac8c\ub2e4\uac00, \uc774 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uacfc \ud568\uaed8, \uc870\uc120\ub0b4\uc758 \ubaa8\uc9d1\uc5c5\uc790\uac00 \uc5ec\uc131\uc744 \uc18d\uc778 \uac83\uc740 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc77c\ubcf8\uc815\ubd80\ub098 \uad70\uc5d0\uac8c\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4\uba70, \uc77c\ubcf8\uad6d\uac00\uc758 \ucc45\uc784\uc744 \ubd80\uc815\ud558\ub294 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ub3c4 \uc804\uac1c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uc989, \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc740 \u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\ub97c \uacf5\ucc3d\uacfc \ub3d9\uc77c\uc2dc\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc744 \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uacf5\ucc3d\uc740 \uc778\uc2e0\ub9e4\ub9e4\ub41c \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc5c5\uc790\uc640\uc758 \uc774\ud574\uad00\uacc4\uac00 \uc77c\uce58\ub41c \uac00\uc6b4\ub370 \uacc4\uc57d\uc744 \ub9fa\uc5c8\uc73c\uba70, \u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\uc758 \ud53c\ud574\uc640 \uc77c\ubcf8\uc758 \ucc45\uc784\uc744 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub358 \uac83\uc73c\ub85c \ud558\ub824\uace0 \ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uc6b0\ub9ac\ub4e4\uc740, \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc774 \uc804\ubb38\uac00\uc758 \uc2ec\uc0ac\ub97c \uc81c\ub300\ub85c \uac70\uce58\uc9c0 \uc54a\uace0 \ud559\uc220\uc9c0\uc5d0 \uac8c\uc7ac\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \ub180\ub77c\uc6c0\uc744 \uae08\ud560 \uc218 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \uc544\ub9c8\ub3c4 \uc77c\ubcf8\uadfc\ub300\uc0ac \uc804\ubb38\uac00\uc5d0 \uc758\ud55c \uccb4\ud06c\ub97c \ubc1b\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \uac83\uc774 \uc6d0\uc778\uc73c\ub85c \ubcf4\uc778\ub2e4. \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc740 \uc120\ud589\uc5f0\uad6c\uac00 \ubb34\uc2dc\ub41c \uac83 \ub9cc\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \ub9ce\uc740 \uc77c\ubcf8\uc5b4 \ubb38\ud5cc\uc774 \ucc38\uc870\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc5d0 \ube44\ud574\uc11c, \uadf8 \ucde8\uae09\uc774 \uc790\uc758\uc801\uc778 \ud0d3\uc5d0, \uc911\uc694\ud55c \ubd80\ubd84\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uadfc\uac70\uac00 \uc81c\uc2dc\ub418\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ucc44 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ub9cc\uc774 \uc804\uac1c\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ud558 \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc758 \uc8fc\uc694 \ubb38\uc81c\uc810\uc744 3\uac00\uc9c0 \uce21\uba74\uc5d0\uc11c \uc9c0\uc801\ud55c\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uccab\uc9f8, \uc77c\ubcf8\uad70\u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\uc81c\ub3c4\ub294 \uacf5\ucc3d\uc81c\ub3c4\uc640 \uae4a\uc740 \uad00\ub828\uc774 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uac83\uc740 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4. \uacf5\ucc3d\uc81c\ub3c4\uc640\ub294 \ub2ec\ub9ac, \uc704\uc548\uc18c\ub294 \uc77c\ubcf8\uad70\uc774 \uc9c1\uc811 \uc9c0\uc2dc, \uba85\ub839\ud558\uc5ec \uc124\uce58, \uad00\ub9ac\ud558\uc600\uace0, \u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\ub3c4 \uc77c\ubcf8\uad70\uc774 \uc9c1\uc811, \ub610\ub294 \uc9c0\uc2dc, \uba85\ub839\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \uc9d5\ubaa8(\u5fb4\u52df)\ud558\uc600\ub2e4. \ucc3d\uae30(\u5a3c\u5993)\ub098 \uc608\uae30(\u82b8\u5993)\u30fb\uc791\ubd80(\u914c\u5a66)\uc600\ub358 \uc5ec\uc131\ub4e4\uc774 \u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\ub85c \ub41c \uc0ac\ub840\ub294, \uc8fc\ub85c \uc77c\ubcf8\uc778\uc758 \uacbd\uc6b0\ub294 \uc77c\ubd80 \ubc1c\uacac\ub41c \uc0ac\ub840\ub3c4 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub9ce\uc740 \uc5ec\uc131\ub4e4\uc740, \uacf5\ucc3d\uc81c\ub3c4\uc640\ub294 \uad00\uacc4\uc5c6\uc774, \uacc4\uc57d\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc5c6\ub294 \uc0c1\ud0dc\ub85c, \uc0ac\uae30\ub098 \ud3ed\ub825, \uc778\uc2e0\ub9e4\ub9e4\uc758 \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\ub85c \uac15\uc81c\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc740, \uc774\ubbf8 \ubc29\ub300\ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\ub97c \ud1b5\ud574\uc11c \ubc1d\ud600\uc838 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7fc\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0 \ub7a8\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc528\ub294 \uc77c\ubcf8\uad70\uc758 \uc8fc\uccb4\uc801\uc778 \uad00\uc5ec\ub97c \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \uc218\ub9ce\uc740 \uc0ac\ub8cc(\u53f2\u6599)\uc758 \uc874\uc7ac\ub97c \ubb34\uc2dc\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\ubb34\uc5c7\ubcf4\ub2e4 \ub7a8\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc528\ub294, \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \ub17c\uac70\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c \ud544\uc218\ubd88\uac00\uacb0\ud55c \uc5c5\uc790\uc640 \uc870\uc120\uc778\u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\uc758 \uacc4\uc57d\uc11c\ub97c 1\uc810\ub3c4 \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc9c0 \ubabb\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774\ucc98\ub7fc \uadfc\uac70\uac00 \ubd80\uc7ac\ud55c \uc8fc\uc7a5\ub9cc\uc774 \ubc18\ubcf5\ub420 \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc5ec\ub7ec \uacf3\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\ub8cc\uc911 \uc790\uc2e0\uc758 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc744 \uc815\ub2f9\ud654\ud558\ub294 \ubd80\ubd84\ub9cc\uc744 \ucc44\ud0dd\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c\ub4e4\uc5b4, \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38(6\ud398\uc774\uc9c0)\uc5d0\uc11c \uc778\uc6a9\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \ubbf8\uc804\uc2dc\uc815\ubcf4\uad6d(\u7c73\u6226\u6642\u60c5\u5831\u5c40)\uc758 \ubb38\uc11c(1944\ub144)\uc5d0\ub294, 703\uc778\uc758 \uc870\uc120\uc778\u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\uac00, \uc5b4\ub5a0\ud55c \uc77c\uc744 \ud558\uac8c\ub420\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54c\ub824\uc8fc\uc9c0 \uc54a\uc740 \ucc44 \uc218\ubc31\uc5d4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \uc720\uad34 \ub610\ub294 \uc778\uc2e0\ub9e4\ub9e4\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574 \ubbf8\uc580\ub9c8\ub85c \uc5f0\ud589\ub418\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\ub294 \uae30\uc220\uc774 \uc788\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub7a8\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc528\ub294 \uc774\uac83\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \ubb34\uc2dc\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\ub458\uc9f8, \uc77c\ubcf8\uc758 \uacf5\ucc3d\uc81c\ub3c4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc774\ud574\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ud070 \ubb38\uc81c\uac00 \uc788\ub2e4. \uacf5\ucc3d\uc81c\ub3c4\ud558\uc5d0\uc11c \u82b8\u5a3c\u5993(\uc608\ucc3d\uae30)\uacc4\uc57d\uc740, \uc2e4\uc81c\ub85c\ub294 \uc778\uc2e0\ub9e4\ub9e4\uc774\uace0, \ud3d0\uc5c5\uc758 \uc790\uc720\uac00 \uc5c6\uc5c8\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc740, \uc774\ubbf8 \ub9ce\uc740 \uc120\ud589\uc5f0\uad6c\uc640 \uc0ac\ub8cc\uac00 \ubcf4\uc5ec\uc8fc\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub7ec\ub098 \ub7a8\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc528\ub294, \uc5ec\uae30\uc5d0\uc11c \ubb38\ud5cc\uc744 \uc790\uc758\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc0ac\uc6a9\ud558\uba74\uc11c, \ub610\ud55c \uadfc\uac70\ub97c \uc81c\uc2dc\ud558\uc9c0\ub3c4 \uc54a\uc740 \ucc44, \ucc3d\uae30\ub098 \ub9e4\ucd98\ubd80, \uac00\ub77c\uc720\ud0a4\uc0c1\uc744 \uc790\uc720\ub85c\uc6b4 \uacc4\uc57d\uc758 \uc8fc\uccb4\ucc98\ub7fc \ub17c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc608\ub97c\ub4e4\uba74 \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38(4\ud398\uc774\uc9c0)\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc0b0\ub2e4\uce788\ubc88\ucc3d\uad00<\/a>\uc744 \ucc38\uc870\ud558\uc5ec, \u300c\uc0ac\ud0a4 \uc0c1\u300d\uc774 \uc624\ube60\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574\uc11c \uc5c5\uc790\uc5d0\uac8c \ub9e4\ub9e4\ub41c \uac83\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c, \uc5c5\uc790\uac00 \uc18d\uc774\ub824\uace0 \ud55c \uac83\uc774 \uc544\ub2c8\uc5c8\ub2e4 \ub77c\ub4e0\uc9c0, \uadf8\ub140\ub294 10\uc0b4\uc774\uc5c8\uc9c0\ub9cc \uc77c\uc758 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc740 \uc774\ud574\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc5c8\ub2e4 \ub77c\uace0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \ub7a8\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc528\ub294 \uadf8\ub140\uac00 \ud604\uc7a5\uac10\ub3c5\uc5d0\uac8c [\uac70\uc9d3\ub9d0\uc7c1\uc774!]\ub77c\uace0 \ud56d\uc758\ud55c \uac83 \ub4f1, \ub3d9 \ubb38\uc11c\uc5d0 \uadf8\uc758 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc744 \ubc18\ubc15\ud558\ub294 \ub0b4\uc6a9\uc774 \uae30\uc7ac\ub418\uc5b4\uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc740 \ubb34\uc2dc\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uc14b\uc9f8, \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc740 \uadfc\ubcf8\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc5ec\uc131\uc758 \uc778\uad8c\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uad00\uc810\uc774\ub098, \uc5ec\uc131\ub4e4\uc744 \uc18d\ubc15\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub358 \uac00\ubd80\uc7a5\uc81c \uad8c\ub825\uc758 \uad00\uc810\ub4e4\uc774 \uacb0\uc5ec\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc5ec\uc131\ub4e4\uc758 \uac70\uc8fc, \uc678\ucd9c, \ud3d0\uc5c5\uc758 \uc790\uc720, \uc131\ud589\uc704\ub97c \uac70\ubd80\ud560 \uc790\uc720 \ub4f1\uc774 \uacb0\uc5ec\ub418\uc5b4 \uc788\ub2e4\ub294 \uc810\uc5d0 \uc788\uc5b4\uc11c, \uc77c\ubcf8\uad70\u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\uc81c\ub3c4, \uadf8\ub9ac\uace0 \uacf5\ucc3d\uc81c\ub3c4\ub3c4 \uc131\ub178\uc608\uc81c\uc600\ub2e4\ub294 \uc5f0\uad6c\uc758 \ucd95\uc801\uc740 \uc774\ubbf8 \ub9ce\uc774 \ub418\uc5b4\uc788\ub2e4. \ud558\uc9c0\ub9cc, \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc5d0\uc11c\ub294 \uc774\ub7f0 \uc5f0\uad6c\ub4e4\uc774 \ubb34\uc2dc\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubc95\uacfc \uacbd\uc81c\uc758 \uacb9\uce58\ub294 \uc601\uc5ed\uc744 \ub2e4\ub8e8\ub294 \ud559\uc220\uc9c0\uc758 \ub17c\ubb38\uc784\uc5d0\ub3c4 \ubd88\uad6c\ud558\uace0, \ub2f9\uc2dc\uc758 \uad6d\ub0b4\ubc95(\ud615\ubc95), \uad6d\uc81c\ubc95(\uc778\ub3c4\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \uc8c4, \ub178\uc608\uc870\uc57d, \ud5e4\uc774\uadf8\uc721\uc804\uc870\uc57d(\u30cf\u30fc\u30b0\u9678\u6226\u6761\u7d04), \uac15\uc81c\ub178\ub3d9\uc870\uc57d, \uc5ec\uc131\u30fb\uc544\ub3d9\ub9e4\ucd98\uae08\uc9c0\uc870\uc57d \ub4f1)\uc5d0 \uc704\ubc18\ud558\ub294 \ud589\uc704\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uc9c4\uc9c0\ud55c \uac80\ud1a0\uac00 \uc774\ub8e8\uc5b4\uc84c\ub2e4\ub294 \ud754\uc801\uc744 \ucc3e\uc744 \uc218\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uc774\uc0c1\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc774\uc720\ub85c, \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub4e4\uc740 \ub7a8\uc9c0\uc5b4\uc528\uc758 \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc5d0\ub294 \ud559\uc220\uc801\uc778 \uac00\uce58\ub97c \uc778\uc815\ud560 \uc218\uac00 \uc5c6\ub2e4. \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub4e4\uc740 \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc758 \ud30c\uae09\ud6a8\uacfc\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c\ub3c4 \uc2ec\uac01\ud55c \uc6b0\ub824\ub97c \ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc740 \uc77c\ubcf8\uad6d\uac00\uc758 \ucc45\uc784\uc744 \uc644\uc804\ud788 \uba74\uc81c\ud558\uace0 \uc788\uc744 \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \ub9d0\ub2e8 \uc5c5\uc790\uc640 \ub2f9\uc0ac\uc790 \uc5ec\uc131\uacfc\uc758 \uc591\uc790\uad00\uacc4\ub9cc\uc73c\ub85c \uc124\uba85\uc744 \ud558\uace0 \uc788\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0, \ud55c \uc5f0\uad6c\uc790\uc758 \uc800\uc220\uc774\ub77c\ub294 \uac83\uc744 \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c, \uc77c\ubcf8\uc758 \uac00\ud574\ucc45\uc784\uc744 \ubd80\uc815\ud558\uace0 \uc2f6\uc5b4\uc11c \uc548\ub2ec\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uc774\ub4e4\uc758 \ud658\uc601\uc744 \ubc1b\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\ub294 \uacf5\ucc3d(\u516c\u5a3c)\uc774\uc5c8\ub2e4\u300d \u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\ub294 \uc790\ubc1c\uc801\uc778 \ub9e4\ucd98\ubd80\u300d \u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\ub294 \uace0\uc218\uc785\u300d \u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\ub294 \uc131\ub178\uc608\uac00 \uc544\ub2c8\ub2e4\u300d\u2026\u2026\u3002\uc774\ub7f0 \uc8fc\uc7a5\ub4e4\uc740, 1990\ub144\ub300 \ud6c4\ubc18\ubd80\ud130 \ud604\uc7ac\uae4c\uc9c0, \uc77c\ubcf8\uc774\ub098 \ud55c\uad6d \ub4f1\uc5d0\uc11c \u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\ud53c\ud574 \ubd80\uc815\ub860\uc790\ub4e4\uc774 \ubc18\ubcf5\uc801\uc73c\ub85c \uc8fc\uc7a5\ud574 \uc628 \uc5b8\uc124\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ubc88 \ubbf8\uad6d \uc800\uba85\ub300\ud559\uc758 \uc77c\ubcf8\uc804\ubb38 \ud559\uc790\uac00, \ub3d9\uc77c\ud55c \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc744 \uc601\ubb38 \ud559\uc220\uc9c0\uc5d0 \ubc1c\ud45c\ud55c \uac83\uc5d0 \uc758\ud574, \uadf8 \uad8c\uc704\ub97c \uc774\uc6a9\ud574\uc11c \ubd80\uc815\ub860\uc774 \uc0c8\ub86d\uac8c \ud3ec\uc7a5\ub418\uc5b4 \ub2e4\uc2dc \uc138\ub825\uc744 \ud655\ub300\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \ubfd0\ub9cc \uc544\ub2c8\ub77c, \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc758 \uc8fc\uc7a5\uc5d0 \ub300\ud55c \ube44\ud310\uc744 \u300c\ubc18\uc77c\u300d\uc774\ub77c\uba70 \uacf5\uaca9\ud558\ub294 \ub4f1, \u300c\ud610\ud55c\u300d\uc774\ub098 \ubc30\uc678\uc8fc\uc758\uc5d0 \ubfcc\ub9ac\uae4a\uc740 \uc6c0\uc9c1\uc784\uc774 \uc77c\ubcf8\uc0ac\ud68c\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\uc2dc \ud65c\ubc1c\ud574\uc9c0\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub4e4\uc740, \uc774\ub7f0 \uc0c1\ud669\uc744 \uc2ec\uac01\ud558\uac8c \uc6b0\ub824\ud558\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
\uc774\uc0c1\uacfc \uac19\uc740 \uc5f0\uc720\ub85c, \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub4e4\uc740 \uba3c\uc800 IRLE\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c, \uc774 \ub17c\ubb38\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c \uc2e0\ub8b0\ud560 \uc218 \uc788\ub294 \uc0ac\ub3c5(\u67fb\u8aad)\uccb4\uc81c\uc5d0 \uae30\ubc18\ud574\uc11c \uc7ac\uc2ec\uc0ac\ub97c \ud55c \ud6c4, \uac8c\uc7ac\ub97c \ucca0\ud68c\ud560 \uac83\uc744 \uc694\uad6c\ud55c\ub2e4. \ub610\ud55c, \uc77c\ubcf8\uc5d0\uc11c \ub2e4\uc2dc \ud655\ub300\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub294 \ubd80\uc815\ub860\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c, \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub4e4\uc740 \uc0ac\uc2e4\uacfc \uc5ed\uc0ac\uc801 \uc815\uc758\uc5d0 \uae30\ubc18\ud574\uc11c \ub300\uc751\ud574 \ub098\uac08 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4. \uc774\ubc88 \ubd80\uc815\ub860\uc740, \uc77c\ubcf8, \ud55c\uad6d, \ubd81\ubbf8 \ub4f1 \uad6d\uacbd\uc744 \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c \uc804\uac1c\ub418\uace0 \uc788\ub2e4. \uadf8\ub807\uae30 \ub54c\ubb38\uc5d0 \uc6b0\ub9ac\ub4e4\uc740, \uc0c8\ub86d\uac8c \uc704\uc7a5\ub41c \ud615\ud0dc\ub85c \ub098\ud0c0\ub09c \uc77c\ubcf8\uad70\u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\ubd80\uc815\ub860\uc5d0 \ub300\ud574\uc11c, \uad6d\uacbd\uacfc \uc5b8\uc5b4\ub97c \ub118\uc5b4\uc11c \uc5f0\ub300\ud558\uba70 \ub300\ucc98\ud574 \ub098\uac08 \uac83\uc774\ub2e4.<\/p>\n\n\n\n
2021\ub1443\uc6d410\uc77c\nFight for Justice\uff08\uc77c\ubcf8\uad70\u300c\uc704\uc548\ubd80\u300d\ubb38\uc81cweb\uc0ac\uc774\ud2b8 \uc81c\uc791\uc704\uc6d0\ud68c\uff09\n\uc5ed\uc0ac\ud559\uc5f0\uad6c\ud68c(\u6b74\u53f2\u5b66\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a)\n\uc5ed\uc0ac\uacfc\ud559\ud611\uc758\ud68c(\u6b74\u53f2\u79d1\u5b66\u5354\u8b70\u4f1a)\n\uc5ed\uc0ac\uad50\uc721\uc790\ud611\uc758\ud68c(\u6b74\u53f2\u6559\u80b2\u8005\u5354\u8b70\u4f1a)<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
2021\ub1443\uc6d413\uc77c\n\uc77c\ubcf8\uc0ac\uc5f0\uad6c\ud68c (\u65e5\u672c\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a)<\/pre>\n\n\n\n
2021\ub1443\uc6d427\uc77c\n\uc870\uc120\uc0ac\uc5f0\uad6c\ud68c \uac04\uc0ac\ud68c\uff08\u671d\u9bae\u53f2\u7814\u7a76\u4f1a\u5e79\u4e8b\u4f1a\uff09<\/pre>\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"
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