![\"\"](\"http:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/556208264d8ecf7ab1b9b3e98994e139.jpg\")
\r\n\r\nThere were differences in how the women were treated after the war depending on the ethnic groups they belonged to and the places where they were taken. Women already living in occupied areas such as Chinese and Filipinas suffered from sexual violence as \u201ccomfort women\u201d mainly in their local or home areas, while Japanese women and women from colonies such as Korea and Taiwan were transported from their homelands to distant occupied areas and battlefields where they were forced to become \u201ccomfort women.\u201d They were taken to a variety of areas ranging from China and Asian Pacific Islands that had been invaded and occupied by the Japanese military to dangerous front lines. Some Chinese and Indonesian women were also transported overseas.\r\n\r\nJapanese \u201ccomfort women\u201d who were in occupied areas or other locales at the time of Japan\u2019s defeat returned to Japan via repatriation ships along with Japanese settlers and others. (Nagasawa Kenichi,Korean and Taiwanese \u201cComfort Women\u201d Left Behind<\/b><\/b><\/h2>\r\nWhat happened to women from the colonies? Korean women were not informed of Japan\u2019s defeat and were left behind in local areas by the Japanese military. There were three types of cases: 1) those left behind in battlefields who died, 2) those who returned home by themselves, and 3) those who remained in local areas against their will.\r\n\r\n1) First, in the cases of those left behind in battlefields who died, it seems that many women were left behind in enemy camps as the Japanese military escaped. They could not understand where they were, did not know local languages, did not have valid currency, and were thus left in a dangerous situation where they died without finding a way to return to their home country. What happened to them? This photograph shows the dead bodies of Korean \u201ccomfort women,\u201d and according to records, \u201cTrenches were full of dead bodies of women. Almost all of them were Korean.\u201d (The photo shows the border between Tengyue, China and Burma in 1944.) Moreover, during the deteriorating war situation from late 1944 to the spring of 1945, each unit on the Philippine front left behind Korean \u201ccomfort women\u201d who had accompanied the unit \u201clike garbage.\u201d (Senda Kako,\u00a0<\/span>Military Comfort Women<\/i>) Similar things seem to have happened in various places after Japan\u2019s defeat.\r\n\r\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/df60ab54aac3837698545a55d79a30e8-225x300.jpg\")
\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u9a30\u8d8a\uff08\u30d3\u30eb\u30de\u56fd\u5883\u5730\u5e2f\uff09\u306e\u671d\u9bae\u4eba\u300c\u6170\u5b89\u5a66\u300d\u306e\u907a\u4f53\uff081944\u5e749\u6708\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p><\/div>\r\n\r\n2) With regard to the cases of those who returned home by themselves, Ms. Huang Jin Zhou returned home from China by herself, and Ms. Kang Duk-kyung (pregnant by a Japanese soldier) did so from Japan. Ms. Park Du-ri returned to her country with a Korean man who ran errands at a comfort station in Taiwan. Ms. Park Yong-sim was detained in Kunming prisoners\u2019 camp and came back to South Korea from Chongqing with the Korean Liberation Army. It took four years for Ms. Choi Kap-son, who was taken to China, to make it back to Korea on foot, selling tofu along the way. We can understand how dangerous, difficult and miraculous it was that they were able to return back to their countries. However, even after returning their lives were filled with hardship and suffering. (Please refer to item #7 in the Introduction\/Primer).<\/span>\r\n\r\n3) There were also many cases of those who remained where they had been taken against their will, such as is evident in the case of Wuhan in inland China. It is said that the largest Japanese military comfort facility in China was established in Jiqingli, Wuhan in November 1938, and 130 Japanese women and 150 Korean women were forced to become \u201ccomfort women\u201d at about 20 comfort stations there. (Yamada Seikichi,\u00a0<\/span>\u201cLogistics in Wuhan\u201d<\/i>) According to Captain Nagasawa Kenichi, a medical officer, former Japanese \u201ccomfort women\u201d returned to Japan on repatriation ships in the spring after Japan\u2019s defeat according to their home prefecture. (Nagasawa,\u00a0<\/span>Hankou comfort station<\/i>) He asserts that former Korean \u201ccomfort women\u201d seemed to return to their homelands with the Korean Liberation Army, but that was not necessarily true.<\/span>\r\n\r\nMs. Song Shin-do, who was forced to become a \u201ccomfort woman\u201d in Wuhan, went to Japan at the behest of a former Japanese sergeant who abandoned her there. Women such as Ms. Ha Sang-suk, hesitated initially when a chance to return presented itself because of \u201cfeelings of shame\u201d and ended up remaining near Wuhan against their wishes. According to Ms. Ha, the number of them was 32 in the late 1950s and 9 in the 1990s. (Korean \u2018Comfort Women\u2019 Taken to China<\/i>)![\"\"](\"http:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/1310e6ed63f6e391864599c96f551a30.png\")
\r\n\r\nMoreover, quite a few Korean women had to remain in the areas where they had been taken. Ms. Park Ok-seon, Lee Ok-seon and Kim Sun-ok were taken to Northeast China (so-called \u201cManchuria\u201d), Ms. Noh Su-bok was taken to Singapore and remained thereafter in Thailand, and Ms. Bae Bong-gi was taken to Tokashiki Island, Okinawa. (<\/span>Korean \u2018comfort women\u2019 left behind<\/i>) Only after half a century had passed in the 1990s and 2000s were they able to return with the help of the South Korean Government, support organizations, etc. It was the same for Taiwanese women.<\/span>\r\n\r\nIt is because these victimized women, who are rightly called \u201csurvivors,\u201d were able to return to their countries or survive in local areas and live through great hardships that we can hear their testimonies.<\/span>\r\n\r\nAs described above, the Japanese military repatriated Japanese \u201ccomfort women,\u201d but it did not take measures to return former Korean or Taiwanese \u201ccomfort women\u201d taken from colonies to battlefields or occupied areas under the \u201ccomfort women\u201d system the military designed and implemented. The Japanese military and government\u2019s abandonment of postwar and colonial responsibility began with the abandonment of \u201ccomfort women\u201d who were left behind as soon as the war ended.<\/span>\r\nLeft Behind from Postwar Compensation<\/b><\/h2>\r\nThe Japanese government neglected and ignored this issue for more than half a century until Korean and other Asian victims began testifying one after another in the 1990s. The Japanese government officially admitted the military\u2019s involvement after Ms. Kim Hak-sun came forward under her real name and began to testify for the first time in South Korea on August 14, 1991, and it was reported that there were materials showing the military\u2019s deep involvement in the Library of the National Institute for Defense Studies in January 1992. Still, the Japanese Government did not take measures to repatriate former \u201ccomfort women\u201d survivors who had been unable to return home.\r\n\r\nWhat about postwar compensation? \u201cIn the spirit of national compensation,\u201d the Japanese government paid individual compensation (military pension) to former Japanese male soldiers and civilian employees beginning in 1952. In contrast, \u201ccomfort women\u201d have not received individual compensation or reparations from the Japanese government. In 1995, the Japanese government established the \u201cNational Fund for Peace in Asia for Women\u201d (National Fund or Asian Women\u2019s Fund), but the purpose of this fund was not to provide national compensation but \u201catonement money\u201d donated by civilians. The differential treatment of Japanese soldiers and civilian employees in comparison with former \u201ccomfort women,\u201d who were left behind without postwar compensation, is clear.\r\n\r\n![\"\"](\"http:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/wp-content\/uploads\/2022\/08\/b0dc9eca6de5d1020ac8c894a55cd8a4.png\")
\r\n\r\n\uff1cCitations, References\/Video\uff1e\r\n\r\n\uff65Senda Kako,\u00a0<\/span>Military Comfort Women,<\/i>\u00a0<\/span>Sanichi Shobo, 1978.\r\n\r\n\uff65Yang Hyun-ah, \u201cDamages Suffered by Koreans who were \u2018Comfort Women\u2019 of the Japanese Military Continuing after Colonial Rule\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/i>in\u00a0<\/span>Testimonies: Memories for the Future, a Collection of Testimonies of Asian \u2018Comfort Women,\u2019\u00a0<\/span><\/i>Akashi Shoten, 2010.\r\n\r\n\uff65Yamada Seikichi,\u00a0<\/span>Logistics in Wuhan<\/i>, Tosho Shuppansha, 1978.\r\n\r\n\uff65Nagasawa kenichi,\u00a0<\/span>Hankou Comfort Station<\/i>, Tosho Shuppansha, 1983.\r\n\r\n\uff65The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan and Korean Research Institute for\u00a0<\/span>Chongshindae<\/i>, eds., and translated by Yamaguchi Akiko,\u3000Korean \u2018Comfort Women\u2019 Taken to China<\/i>, Akashi Shoten, 1996.\r\n\r\n\uff65Catalog published by the Women\u2019s Active Museum on War and Peace,\u00a0<\/span>Korean \u2018Comfort Women\u2019 Left Behind<\/i>, 2006.\r\n\r\n\uff65Written and photographed by Ahn Se-hong,\u00a0<\/span>Layer by Layer\u2015Stories of Korean Women Left Behind in China Who Were \u2018Comfort Women\u2019 of the Japanese Military<\/i>, Otsuki Shoten, 2013\r\n\r\n\uff65Byun Young-joo, director,\u00a0<\/span>House of Sharing\u00a0<\/span><\/i>[Part of the Habitual Sadness\/Najun Moksori Trilogy], 1995.\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"There were differences in how the women were treated after the war depending on the ethnic groups they belonge […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":9592,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"swell_btn_cv_data":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[216],"tags":[],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10412"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10412"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10412\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10421,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10412\/revisions\/10421"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9592"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10412"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}
\u4e2d\u56fd\u306e\u9a30\u8d8a\uff08\u30d3\u30eb\u30de\u56fd\u5883\u5730\u5e2f\uff09\u306e\u671d\u9bae\u4eba\u300c\u6170\u5b89\u5a66\u300d\u306e\u907a\u4f53\uff081944\u5e749\u6708\uff09\u3002<\/span><\/p><\/div>\r\n\r\n2) With regard to the cases of those who returned home by themselves, Ms. Huang Jin Zhou returned home from China by herself, and Ms. Kang Duk-kyung (pregnant by a Japanese soldier) did so from Japan. Ms. Park Du-ri returned to her country with a Korean man who ran errands at a comfort station in Taiwan. Ms. Park Yong-sim was detained in Kunming prisoners\u2019 camp and came back to South Korea from Chongqing with the Korean Liberation Army. It took four years for Ms. Choi Kap-son, who was taken to China, to make it back to Korea on foot, selling tofu along the way. We can understand how dangerous, difficult and miraculous it was that they were able to return back to their countries. However, even after returning their lives were filled with hardship and suffering. (Please refer to item #7 in the Introduction\/Primer).<\/span>\r\n\r\n3) There were also many cases of those who remained where they had been taken against their will, such as is evident in the case of Wuhan in inland China. It is said that the largest Japanese military comfort facility in China was established in Jiqingli, Wuhan in November 1938, and 130 Japanese women and 150 Korean women were forced to become \u201ccomfort women\u201d at about 20 comfort stations there. (Yamada Seikichi,\u00a0<\/span>\u201cLogistics in Wuhan\u201d<\/i>) According to Captain Nagasawa Kenichi, a medical officer, former Japanese \u201ccomfort women\u201d returned to Japan on repatriation ships in the spring after Japan\u2019s defeat according to their home prefecture. (Nagasawa,\u00a0<\/span>Hankou comfort station<\/i>) He asserts that former Korean \u201ccomfort women\u201d seemed to return to their homelands with the Korean Liberation Army, but that was not necessarily true.<\/span>\r\n\r\nMs. Song Shin-do, who was forced to become a \u201ccomfort woman\u201d in Wuhan, went to Japan at the behest of a former Japanese sergeant who abandoned her there. Women such as Ms. Ha Sang-suk, hesitated initially when a chance to return presented itself because of \u201cfeelings of shame\u201d and ended up remaining near Wuhan against their wishes. According to Ms. Ha, the number of them was 32 in the late 1950s and 9 in the 1990s. (Korean \u2018Comfort Women\u2019 Taken to China<\/i>) There were differences in how the women were treated after the war depending on the ethnic groups they belonge […]<\/p>\n","protected":false},"author":9,"featured_media":9592,"comment_status":"closed","ping_status":"open","sticky":false,"template":"","format":"standard","meta":{"_acf_changed":false,"swell_btn_cv_data":"","footnotes":"","_links_to":"","_links_to_target":""},"categories":[216],"tags":[],"acf":[],"aioseo_notices":[],"_links":{"self":[{"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10412"}],"collection":[{"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts"}],"about":[{"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/types\/post"}],"author":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/users\/9"}],"replies":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcomments&post=10412"}],"version-history":[{"count":5,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10412\/revisions"}],"predecessor-version":[{"id":10421,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/posts\/10412\/revisions\/10421"}],"wp:featuredmedia":[{"embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=\/wp\/v2\/media\/9592"}],"wp:attachment":[{"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fmedia&parent=10412"}],"wp:term":[{"taxonomy":"category","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Fcategories&post=10412"},{"taxonomy":"post_tag","embeddable":true,"href":"https:\/\/fightforjustice.info\/index.php?rest_route=%2Fwp%2Fv2%2Ftags&post=10412"}],"curies":[{"name":"wp","href":"https:\/\/api.w.org\/{rel}","templated":true}]}}\r\n\r\nMoreover, quite a few Korean women had to remain in the areas where they had been taken. Ms. Park Ok-seon, Lee Ok-seon and Kim Sun-ok were taken to Northeast China (so-called \u201cManchuria\u201d), Ms. Noh Su-bok was taken to Singapore and remained thereafter in Thailand, and Ms. Bae Bong-gi was taken to Tokashiki Island, Okinawa. (<\/span>Korean \u2018comfort women\u2019 left behind<\/i>) Only after half a century had passed in the 1990s and 2000s were they able to return with the help of the South Korean Government, support organizations, etc. It was the same for Taiwanese women.<\/span>\r\n\r\nIt is because these victimized women, who are rightly called \u201csurvivors,\u201d were able to return to their countries or survive in local areas and live through great hardships that we can hear their testimonies.<\/span>\r\n\r\nAs described above, the Japanese military repatriated Japanese \u201ccomfort women,\u201d but it did not take measures to return former Korean or Taiwanese \u201ccomfort women\u201d taken from colonies to battlefields or occupied areas under the \u201ccomfort women\u201d system the military designed and implemented. The Japanese military and government\u2019s abandonment of postwar and colonial responsibility began with the abandonment of \u201ccomfort women\u201d who were left behind as soon as the war ended.<\/span>\r\nLeft Behind from Postwar Compensation<\/b><\/h2>\r\nThe Japanese government neglected and ignored this issue for more than half a century until Korean and other Asian victims began testifying one after another in the 1990s. The Japanese government officially admitted the military\u2019s involvement after Ms. Kim Hak-sun came forward under her real name and began to testify for the first time in South Korea on August 14, 1991, and it was reported that there were materials showing the military\u2019s deep involvement in the Library of the National Institute for Defense Studies in January 1992. Still, the Japanese Government did not take measures to repatriate former \u201ccomfort women\u201d survivors who had been unable to return home.\r\n\r\nWhat about postwar compensation? \u201cIn the spirit of national compensation,\u201d the Japanese government paid individual compensation (military pension) to former Japanese male soldiers and civilian employees beginning in 1952. In contrast, \u201ccomfort women\u201d have not received individual compensation or reparations from the Japanese government. In 1995, the Japanese government established the \u201cNational Fund for Peace in Asia for Women\u201d (National Fund or Asian Women\u2019s Fund), but the purpose of this fund was not to provide national compensation but \u201catonement money\u201d donated by civilians. The differential treatment of Japanese soldiers and civilian employees in comparison with former \u201ccomfort women,\u201d who were left behind without postwar compensation, is clear.\r\n\r\n
\r\n\r\n\uff1cCitations, References\/Video\uff1e\r\n\r\n\uff65Senda Kako,\u00a0<\/span>Military Comfort Women,<\/i>\u00a0<\/span>Sanichi Shobo, 1978.\r\n\r\n\uff65Yang Hyun-ah, \u201cDamages Suffered by Koreans who were \u2018Comfort Women\u2019 of the Japanese Military Continuing after Colonial Rule\u201d\u00a0<\/span><\/i>in\u00a0<\/span>Testimonies: Memories for the Future, a Collection of Testimonies of Asian \u2018Comfort Women,\u2019\u00a0<\/span><\/i>Akashi Shoten, 2010.\r\n\r\n\uff65Yamada Seikichi,\u00a0<\/span>Logistics in Wuhan<\/i>, Tosho Shuppansha, 1978.\r\n\r\n\uff65Nagasawa kenichi,\u00a0<\/span>Hankou Comfort Station<\/i>, Tosho Shuppansha, 1983.\r\n\r\n\uff65The Korean Council for the Women Drafted for Military Sexual Slavery by Japan and Korean Research Institute for\u00a0<\/span>Chongshindae<\/i>, eds., and translated by Yamaguchi Akiko,\u3000Korean \u2018Comfort Women\u2019 Taken to China<\/i>, Akashi Shoten, 1996.\r\n\r\n\uff65Catalog published by the Women\u2019s Active Museum on War and Peace,\u00a0<\/span>Korean \u2018Comfort Women\u2019 Left Behind<\/i>, 2006.\r\n\r\n\uff65Written and photographed by Ahn Se-hong,\u00a0<\/span>Layer by Layer\u2015Stories of Korean Women Left Behind in China Who Were \u2018Comfort Women\u2019 of the Japanese Military<\/i>, Otsuki Shoten, 2013\r\n\r\n\uff65Byun Young-joo, director,\u00a0<\/span>House of Sharing\u00a0<\/span><\/i>[Part of the Habitual Sadness\/Najun Moksori Trilogy], 1995.\n","protected":false},"excerpt":{"rendered":"